Study on the correlation between color and inner quality during the processing of Prunus mume carbon and its processing end point / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To study the correlation between color and inner quality during the processing of Prunus mume carbon， and provide reference for the determination of processing end point of P. mume carbon. METHODS The chromaticity value of P. mume carbon powder was measured by colorimeter， and the inner quality of P. mume carbon was measured by selecting the contents of water， water-soluble extract， citric acid and tannin. The dynamic change trend of the chromaticity value， water， water- soluble extract， the contents of citric acid and tannin in P. mume carbon under different processing time was analyzed. The correlation between color and the above indexe contents was analyzed， and the regression equation of inner quality-chromaticity value was established. Combined with principal component analysis （PCA）， hierarchical cluster analysis （CA） and partial least squares discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）， the difference of P. mume carbon at different processing times was analyzed to determine the processing end point. RESULTS With the extension of processing time， the sample color gradually deepened； the chromaticity values L* and E* of the samples increased at first and then decreased， the chromaticity values a* and b* decreased， and finally all tended to be stable. The content of water-soluble extract， citric acid and tannin in the sample increased at first and then decreased， the water content of the sample decreased with time and finally stabilized. Correlation analysis showed that water， water-soluble extract， citric acid and tannin were positively correlated with L*， a*， b* and E*（P＜0.001）. PCA and HCA showed that P. mume carbon under different processing time could be clustered into two categories： the processed samples of 0-30 min and those of 40-60 min. PLS-DA showed that water and water-soluble extract were important quality indexes and b* was an important chrominance index in the processing of P. mume carbon. The chromaticity value of the samples processed for 50 min and 60 min were not significantly different. The contents of water， water- soluble extract， citric acid and tannin in the samples processed for 60 min were less than those processed for 50 min. CONCLUSIONS There is a certain correlation between the color and the inner quality of P. mume carbon. The processing time of P. mume carbon should be 40-50 min.

Metabolic regulation of Nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome and its role in renal diseases / 中华肾脏病杂志

In recent years, with the development of metabolic reprogramming research, people have changed their understanding of the biological effects of immune cells. Under the stimulation of inflammatory response, immune cells re-regulate their metabolism and bioenergetics, provide energy and substrates for cell survival, and initiate immune effect functions. Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, as an important component of the innate immune system, has been shown to sense metabolites such as uric acid and cholesterol crystals, and can be inhibited by metabolites such as ketones. It is also regulated by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and glycolytic components (such as hexokinase). Recent studies have shown that a variety of metabolic pathways converge as effective regulators of NLRP3 inflammasome. The paper reviews the metabolic regulatory pathways and specificity of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and its role in renal diseases.

Effective adsorption of drug from aqueous solution using citric acid functionalized magnetite nanoparticles and their antibacterial studies

The synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles and their applications after surface modification have drawn in the eye of researchers toward it all through the previous a few times. In the present study, the synthesis of citric acid-modified magnetic nanoparticles has been reported. Numerous technical approaches such as x-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were accustomed to characterize these synthesized magnetite nanoparticles. The main emphasis of this examination was to study the adsorption behavior of these synthesized nanoparticles for ciprofloxacin drug from aqueous solution. The influences of various experimental parameters including pH, the contact time, amount of nanoparticles and initial concentration of ciprofloxacin drug, were investigated simultaneously. Moreover, isotherm study was observed to follow Langmuir isotherm model and the value of maximum adsorption capacity was 20.65 mg/g as calculated. Furthermore, the kinetic study was found to fit well with pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The overall study suggested that these functionalized magnetite nanoparticles can be utilized as a proficient tool for the adsorption of drug from aqueous solution. The antibacterial behavior of these drug loaded nanoparticles was also scrutinized.

Effect of citric acid-induced cough on swallowing function and serum substance P levels in stroke patients with early tracheotomy / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of citric acid-induced cough on swallowing function and serum substance P in stroke patients with early tracheotomy.Methods:Forty-nine post-stroke tracheotomy patients admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from January 2018 to July 2019 were selected as study subjects. They were divided into intervention group ( n=24) and control group ( n=25) using the random digit table. The control group was subjected to routine nursing, while the intervention group was given citric acid to induce cough based on routine care. The intervention time was 1 week. The swallowing function and serum substance P levels were compared between the two groups before and after the intervention. Results:After the intervention, 45.8% (11/24) of the patients in the intervention group were assessed as having "strong" swallowing function, compared to 28.0% (7/25) in the control group, with a statistically significant difference in swallowing function between the two groups ( Z= -2.22, P<0.05), and the level of substance P in the intervention group was (283.40 ± 134.82) ng/L, significantly higher than that of the control group (203.59 ± 126.16) ng/L ( t=2.14, P<0.05). Conclusions:Citric acid-induced cough helped stroke patients with early tracheotomy to produce effective swallowing action and up-regulate substance P in serum to promote recovery of swallowing function.

Enamel Deproteinization: Will It Save The Shear Bond Strength For The Sake Of Preventing White Spot Lesions? / Desproteinização do esmalte: salvará a resistência ao cisalhamento para prevenir lesões de manchas brancas?

Objective: This study attempted to investigate the effect of enamel deproteinization using citric acid, PEG 400 and NaOCL on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets to enamel using nano-silver modified resin for the prevention of white spot lesions. Material and Methods: 68 premolars were used in the study; nano-silver modified adhesive resin was used to bond orthodontic brackets to the enamel. Specimens were divided into 4 groups according to the applied surface treatment before bonding. Group I (control): acid etching with 37% phosphoric acid. Group II: deproteinization using 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) before acid etching. Group III:deproteinization using 10% citric acid before acid etching. Group IV:deproteinization using 5% polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) before acid etching. The specimens were then thermo- cycled for 6000 cycles. They were examined for surface roughness, shear bond strength and using electron microscope. Results: In both surface roughness and shear bond strength tests, Group III (citric acid) showed the highest values, followed by Group II (sodium hypochlorite); (p < 0.001). The least values were shown for Groups I (control) and IV (PEG 400), with no statistically significant difference between them (p = 0.948). SEM revealed etching pattern type 1 and 2 in the citric acid group while PEG 400 showed shallower micro- porosities. Conclusions: Deproteinization of enamel using either NaOCl or citric acid increased the bond strength of nano-sliver modified resin to enamel, with citric acid showing greater increase in bond strength. Deproteinization using PEG 400 did not increase the bond strength. (AU)

Objetivo: Este estudo buscou investigar o efeito da desproteinização do esmalte utilizando ácido cítrico, PEG 400 e NaOCl na resistência ao cisalhamento de braquetes ortodônticos ao esmalte usando resina modificada com nanoprata para a prevenção de lesões de manchas brancas. Material e Métodos: 68 pré-molares foram usados no estudo; resina adesiva modificada com nanoprata foi usada para colar os braquetes ortodônticos ao esmalte. Os corpos-de-prova foram divididos em 4 grupos de acordo com o tratamento de superfície aplicado antes da colagem. Grupo I (controle): condicionamento ácido com ácido fosfórico a 37%. Grupo II: desproteinização com hipoclorito de sódio a 5,25% (NaOCl) antes do condicionamento ácido. Grupo III: desproteinização com ácido cítrico a 10% antes do condicionamento ácido. Grupo IV: desproteinização com polietilenoglicol 5% (PEG 400) antes do condicionamento ácido. As amostras foram então termocicladas por 6.000 ciclos. Eles foram examinados quanto à rugosidade da superfície, resistência ao cisalhamento e usando microscópio eletrônico. Resultados: Nos testes de rugosidade superficial e resistência ao cisalhamento, o Grupo III (ácido cítrico) apresentou os maiores valores, seguido do Grupo II (hipoclorito de sódio); (p <0,001). Os menores valores foram apresentados para os Grupos I (controle) e IV (PEG 400), sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre eles (p = 0,948). A microscopia eletrônica revelou padrão de ataque tipo 1 e 2 no grupo de ácido cítrico, enquanto PEG 400 mostrou microporosidades mais rasas. Conclusões: A desproteinização do esmalte com NaOCl ou ácido cítrico aumentou a força de união da resina modificada com nanoprata ao esmalte, com o ácido cítrico apresentando maior aumento na força de união. A desproteinização usando PEG 400 não aumentou a resistência de união. (AU)

The Effect of 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and 10% Citric Acid Solutions with Manual and Ultrasonic Agitation on Smear Layer Removal and Intraradicular Dentine Erosion: A Scanning Electron Microscope Evaluation

This study evaluated the ex vivo effectiveness of different final irrigation protocols in smear layer removal and intraradicular dentine erosion. Thirty five extracted human canines were instrumented and randomly divided, according to final rinse techniques used, into 7 groups: 1 (ED3M) and 3 (ED3US), 17% EDTA for 3 minutes with manual and ultrasonic agitation, respectively; 2 (CA30M) and 4 (CA30US), 10% citric acid for 30 seconds with manual and ultrasonic agitation, respectively; 5 (CA3M) and 6 (CA3US), 10% citric acid for 3 minutes with manual and ultrasonic agitation, respectively; and, 7 (Na3), 5.25% NaOCl for 3 minutes without agitation (control). All specimens then were irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl, split lengthwise, and examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in apical, middle and coronal thirds. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The effectiveness of 17% EDTA and 10% citric acid in removing smear layer was significantly greater than 5.25% NaOCl (control). There were no significant differences among final irrigation protocols in smear layer removal or erosive effects. However, when comparing the thirds in groups 1 (ED3M) and 2 (CA30M), the least smear layer removal and erosion was seen in the apical third, but the group 4 procedure (CA30US) was more effective than 1 (ED3M) (p=0.0004), 2 (CA30M) (p=0.0018) or 3 (ED3US) (p=0.0003) in smear layer removal for the apical third. It was concluded that protocols used in this study were similar in smear layer removal and erosive effects.

Study on application of DESI-MSI in quality control of classical famous prescription Shaoyao Gancao Decoction / 中草药

Objective: Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (UHPLC-DAD) and desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) to analyze 15 batches of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction (SGD) substance benchmark and lyophilized powder in order to investigate the advantages of DESI-MSI in quality control of famous classical formulas. Methods: Taking SGD as the research model, fingerprints of the substance benchmark were established by UHPLC-DAD, and the content of index components (paeoniflorin, liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid) and the yield of dry extract were also investigated. Meanwhile, as the research carrier, the lyophilized powder corresponding to SGD was dissolved in methanol and dotted on qualitative filter paper with quantitative capillary, and fixed it on the slide to make samples. The samples were analyzed on a DESI-MSI system in positive and negative ion mode with methanol-formic acid (1 000:1, flow rate of 3 μL/min) as spray solvent, N2 as spray gas (pressure of 0.5 MPa). The scanning range was m/z 100-1 200, the spatial resolution was 300 μm, the ion source temperature was 120 ℃. Results: DESI-MSI can detect not only the index components of paeoniflorin, liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, but also the common peaks of albiflorin. At the same time, DESI-MSI could detect 11 other components from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Paeoniae Radix Alba, such as licoricesaponin G2, licoricesaponin J2, gallic acid, citric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and present their relative content visually. The qualitative analysis ability of DESI-MSI was much better than UHPLC-DAD. Conclusion: DESI-MSI can be used as the quality control method for substance benchmark and lyophilized powder and dispensing granules of classical famous formulas with advantages of high sensitivity, strong analytical ability, no complex sample pretreatment, qualitative and relative content analysis of complex samples without reference substance.

Metabolic abnormalities associated with ketamine-associated bladder toxicity based on metabolomics / 药学学报

The aim of the present study was to determine the metabolic changes and possible toxic mechanisms of ketamine-associated bladder toxicity. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly allocated into a control group, a low-dose group and a high-dose group. The behavior of these rats was observed every day. In addition, the weight, 2 h urinary frequency and organ coefficient of the bladder were measured. Serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Urinary metabolites were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Animal Experiment Center of Southwest Medical University (No. 201901-98). After 12 weeks of administration, the frequency of 2 h urination and the bladder mass index were significantly different in the low-dose and high-dose groups compared with the control group. Serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). Bladder HE staining showed that long-term administration of ketamine could induce cystitis. The concentrations of the three common differential metabolites, including 3-aminoisobutyric acid, citric acid and uric acid in the low-dose and the high-dose groups were increased compared with those in the control group. This study indicates that 3-aminoisobutyric acid, citric acid and uric acid and their related metabolic pathways may be closely related to ketamine-associated bladder toxicity.

Selection of Acid Salts: A Critical Step in Creating an Acidic Condition for Plasma Iron Release and Measurement

@#Introduction: Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is the most common cause of anaemia worldwide. Determination of body iron status is necessary to diagnose IDA. This can be measured using a biochemistry assessment of the serum/ plasma. Plasma/serum iron quantitation is also important in diagnosing iron overload disorders. However, iron studies are limited due to high cost and lack of access to biochemical analysers. Therefore, a cost- and technical-effective method is needed to measure human plasma iron concentration. Plasma iron is mainly transferrin-bound and an acidic plasmic condition is necessary to release the iron. This study investigated various candidate acid salts to achieve the acidic condition needed for plasma iron release. Method: Ten powdered or crystallised acid salts were studied for their water solubility as well as their pH reduction capability in revised simulated body fluid (r-SBF) and commercially available human plasma without any change in colour or form. Results: Six acid salts studied were discontinued from further investigation because they were insoluble in water. Another two candidates were unsuitable as they precipitated in r-SBF and human plasma. Maleic acid formed a jelly-like texture after a certain amount of time in human plasma. Only citric acid met all the criteria of a suitable acid salt to be investigated further as part of the reagent for a spontaneous plasma iron measurement. Conclusion: Citric acid, which is a colourless and odourless acid salt, was selected to lower the human plasma pH to an acidic condition for transferrin-bound iron release.

Acondicionamiento radicular en el tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico y quirúrgico / Root conditioning in non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapy

La instrumentación mecánica durante el tratamiento periodontal trae consigo la formación de escombros microcristalinos que inhiben la adhesión tisular a la superfi cie radicular y favorece la proliferación bacteriana, lo cual perjudica los resultados del tratamiento periodontal a corto y largo plazo. Hoy en día el acondicionamiento radicular con el uso de biomodifi cadores es una opción de tratamiento adicional en el tratamiento de la periodontitis y el tratamiento de cobertura radicular. El objetivo del presente estudio es realizar una revisión de la literatura acerca de las aplicaciones y del acondicionamiento radicular con ácido cítrico, tetraciclina, EDTA y láser en el tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico y quirúrgico (AU)

Mechanical instrumentation during periodontal treatment brings the formation of microcrystalline debris that inhibits tissue adhesion to the root surface and favors bacterial proliferation, which harms the results of the short and long term periodontal treatment. Nowadays, root conditioning with the use of biomodifi cators is an additional treatment option in the treatment of periodontitis and root coverage therapy. The aim of the present study is to conduct a literature review about the applications and the root conditioning with citric acid, tetracycline, EDTA and laser in the non surgical and surgical periodontal treatment (AU)

FTIR and SEM of a novel chemical conditioning on the zirconia intaglio surface

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical and topographical changes in the intaglio zirconia surface induced by chemical conditioning solutions using FTIR and SEM analysis. Material and method: twelve plates for each FTIR and SEM tests from each zirconia materials (UPCERA HT White, BruxZir® Solid Zirconia, and Copran® Multilayer), milled by a Yenadent CAD/CAM system, sintered and divided randomly into a three groups. A different surface conditioning was applied to the intaglio surface of each group: 30% hydrogen peroxide, 30% citric acid and control group. Result and discussion: by using of the FTIR spectroscopy, an evidence of new bands formation appeared at 1637cm-1 and 3352cm-1 due to the high oxidizing effect of hydrogen peroxide, and at 630cm-1 and 1663cm-1 due to the chelating action of citric acid, and simultaneously, SEM assessment of the surface topography took place, to identify lines, scratches, or surface dissociation that appeared on the intaglio zirconia surface after conditioning. Conclusion: such analysis provides an enhancement of new convenient, less expensive, reliable trials to improve micro-bond strength of luting cement to Y-TZP ceramics.

Comparison of in vitro erosion protocols in bovine teeth to simulate natural erosion lesion: analysis of mechanical properties and surface gloss

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to compare two in vitro erosion protocols, in which one simulates in vivo conditions experienced by patients with gastroesophageal disorders or bulimia (HCl-pepsin protocol), and the other simulates the diet of an individual who consumes a high volume of erosive beverages (citric acid protocol). In addition, the mechanical properties and surface gloss of eroded human dentin were compared with those of sound human dentin. Materials and Methods Blocks of cervical dentin were used: sound human dentin (n=10), human dentin with erosive lesions (n=10), and bovine dentin (n=30). Twenty bovine blocks were subjected to either of two erosion protocols (n=10/protocol). In the first protocol, samples were demineralized using HCl-pepsin solution, then treated with trypsin solution. In the second protocol, samples were demineralized with 2% citric acid. Toothbrushing was performed in both protocols using a toothbrushing machine (15 s with a 150 g load). Ten bovine dentin blocks were not subjected to any erosive treatment. All samples of bovine and human dentin were analyzed to obtain Martens hardness values (MH), elastic modulus (Eit*) and surface gloss. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were performed to analyze the data (α=0.05). Results Sound human and eroded human dentin groups showed similar MH and Eit* values (p>0.05); however, sound human dentin showed a higher surface gloss value when compared to eroded human dentin (p<0.05). Sound bovine dentin and HCl-pepsin-treated bovine dentin treatments resulted in similar values for both MH and Eit* (p>0.05), but HCl-pepsin-treated bovine dentin and citric acid-treated bovine dentin resulted in lower surface gloss than sound bovine dentin (p<0.05). Conclusions The HCl-pepsin protocol modified bovine dentin properties that could be similar to those that occur on human dentin surfaces with erosive lesions.

Protective effect of citric acid on salivary gland function in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer after first 131I treatment / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To investigate the effect of citric acid on the salivary gland function in the patients with differentiated thyroid cancer who received131I treatment for the first time after operation, and to clarify the protective effect of citric acid on the salivary gland function in the patients with thyroid cancer who received131Itreatment.Methods: With the informed consent of the patients, 68 patients with thyroid papillary carcinoma who were going to receive131I treatment were randomly selected and divided into control group and citric acid group (n=34). There was no special preparation for the patients in control group, and the patients in citric acid group kept citric acid in the mouth for 1 min and spit it out every day (0.2 g/time) at 1 week before and 3 weeks after131I treatment. The patients in two groups received99mTcO4-salivary gland imaging twice within 24 h before131I treatment and 3 months after131I treatment. The uptake index in the fifteenth minute (15 min UI) and the secretion ratio (SR) were calculated and the salivary gland function was evaluated. Results: Compared with before131I treatment, the 15 min UI of the right parotid gland and bilateral submandibular glands of the patients in control group after treatment had no significant differences(P>0.05); the 15 min UI of left parotid gland after treatment was slightly decreased(P0.05). Compared with control group, the 15 min UI of bilateral parotid glands and bilateral submandibular glands of the patients in citric acid group before and after treatment had no significant differences(P>0.05). Compared with before131I treatment, the SR of bilateral parotid glands of the patients in control group after treatment were decreased (P0.05). Compared with before 131I treatment, the SR of bilateral parotid glands and bilateral submandibular glands of the patients in citric group after treatment had no significant differences(P>0.05). The SR of bilateral parotid glands of the patients in citric acid group after treatment were higher than those in control group (P0.05).Conclusion: First131I treatment may cause the damage of the secretion function of the salivary glands in the DTC patients after operation. Short-term administration of citric acid in the mouth can protect the salivary glands and alleviate the radioactive injury of the salivary glands.

Study on Frosting Quality Markers of Mori Folium Based on Component Characteristic / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To screen the frosting qualitymarkers (Q-marker) of Mori Foliumand identify Mori Folium after frost. Method: The HPLC-DAD-MSn fingerprints of Mori Folium before and after frost were established,the common peaks were markedand the characteristic components were selected by orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA). The components with a large content change were used as marker components,and the relatively stable component was used as an internal reference component. The ratio of the marker components to the peak area of the internal reference component was used as component characteristic to identify the frost of Mori Folium,andqualitative study of frosting markerswere performed by MSn and authentic standards. Result: The fingerprints were established and 33 common peaks were marked. Through OPLS-DA,peaks 1,23,14 were determined as marker components,peak 12 was determined as internal reference component. The frosting quality markers of Mori Folium were characterized as citric acid derivatives,saponin F,tryptophan and neochlorogenic acid by MSn and standards. The ratios of the peak areas of citric acid derivatives,saponin F,tryptophan and neochlorogenic acid before and after frost were 0.15±0.054,1.0±0.48; 0.14±0.073,0.98±0.48,0.13±0.088,0.89±0.49,respectively. Conclusion: In the fingerprints established in this study,the peak area ratios of citric acid derivatives,saponin F,tryptophan to new chlorogenic acid had specificity,which can be used as frosting quality markers for identification of Mori Folium. This study expanded the connotation of the Q-marker specificity of traditional Chinese medicine. The results can provide experimental data for the quality evaluation and drug-forming properties of Mori Folium,and provide reference for similar research.

Effects of citric acid on patients with severe burn complicated with acute renal injury treated by continuous renal replacement therapy / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective@#To explore the effects of citric acid on patients with severe burn complicated with acute renal injury treated by continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT).@*Methods@#Medical records of 83 patients with large area of burn complicated with acute renal injury admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) of our department from January 2015 to December 2018 and meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into heparin group [n=43, 25 males and 18 females, aged (35.0±2.5) years] and citric acid group [n=40, 22 males and 18 females, aged (37.0±6.6) years] according to different anticoagulation methods. After admission, routine support treatment and CRRT were performed after being diagnosed with acute renal injury in patients in 2 groups. Patients in heparin group were treated with low molecular weight heparin for anticoagulation with first dosage of 20 U/kg and an increase of 2.5 to 5.0 U per hour, and patients in citric acid group were given citric acid of 0.02 g/mL with dosage of 150~200 mL/h for anticoagulation. The use time of blood filter, recovery time of urine volume, and time of staying in ICU, and platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, cystatin C, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and neutrophil, leukocyte count, blood sugar, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and heart rate, body temperature, and mean arterial pressure before treatment and post treatment hour (PTH) 24 were recorded. Besides, occurrence of hemorrhage, hypocalcemia, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, and death within 28 days post injury were recorded. Data were processed with t test and chi-square test.@*Results@#The use time of blood filter of patients in citric acid group was (28.7±3.2)h, significantly longer than (19.4±2.6) h in heparin group (t=14.139, P<0.01). The recovery time of urine volume and time of staying in ICU of patients in citric acid group were respectively (7.6±0.9) and (9.6±1.3) d, significantly shorter than (9.2±1.5) and (11.2±1.8) d in heparin group (t=5.516, 4.697, P<0.01). Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in platelet count, APTT, and PT of patients in 2 groups (t=1.235, 0.515, 1.279, P>0.05). At PTH 24, the platelet count of patients in citric acid group was significantly higher than that in heparin group (t=10.947, P<0.01), and APTT and PT of patients in citric acid group were significantly shorter than those in heparin group (t=7.069, 9.142, P<0.01). Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and cystatin C of patients in 2 groups (t=1.684, 1.878, 1.472, P>0.05). At PTH 24, the serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and cystatin C of patients in citric acid group were significantly lower than those in heparin group (t=7.778, 9.776, 5.117, P<0.01). Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein of patients in 2 groups (t=1.413, 0.898, P>0.05). At PTH 24, the serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein of patients in citric acid group were significantly lower than those in heparin group (t=2.635, 2.297, P<0.05). Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in neutrophil, leukocyte count, blood sugar, AST, and ALT of patients in 2 groups (t=0.555, 0.816, 0.470, 1.896, 0.982, P>0.05). At PTH 24, the neutrophil, leukocyte count, blood sugar, AST, and ALT of patients in citric acid group were significantly lower than those in heparin group (t=2.054, 3.314, 7.185, 2.151, 3.013, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in heart rate, body temperature, and mean arterial pressure of patients in 2 groups (t=1.406, 0.474, 0.720, P>0.05). At PTH 24, the heart rate, body temperature, and mean arterial pressure of patients in citric acid group were significantly lower than those in heparin group (t=2.307, 4.498, 2.056, P<0.05 or P<0.01). The incidence of hemorrhage of patients in citric acid group while in hospital was significantly lower than that in heparin group (χ2=4.949, P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in incidence of hypocalcemia, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, and death rate within 28 days post injury of patients in 2 groups while in hospital (χ2=3.346, 0.884, 0.297, 0.324, P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#Citric acid has significant anticoagulant effect on patients with large area of burn complicated with acute renal injury treated by CRRT, which can prolong the use time of the blood filter, shorten the recovery time of urine volume and time of staying in ICU, improve renal function indexes, blood biochemical indexes, and inflammation indexes, maintain the stability of internal environment, and reduce the risk of hemorrhage.

Conversion from acetate dialysate to citrate dialysate in a central delivery system for maintenance hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to compare the impact of citrate dialysate (CD) and standard acetate dialysate (AD) in hemodialysis by central delivery system (CDS) on heparin demand, and clinical parameters. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 75 patients on maintenance hemodialysis with CDS. Patients underwent hemodialysis with AD over a six-month period (AD period), followed by another six-month period using CD (CD period). Various parameters including mean heparin dosage, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), calcium-phosphate product (CaxP), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and urea reduction ratio (URR) were collated at the end of each period. RESULTS: Patients were 60.5 ± 14.7 years old, of whom 62.7% were male. Patients required less heparin when receiving CD (AD period: 1,129 ± 1,033 IU/session vs. CD period: 787 ± 755 IU/session, P < 0.001). After the CD period (Δ(CD)), pre-dialysis total CO₂ increased to 1.21 ± 2.80 mmol/L, compared to −2.44 ± 2.96 mmol/L (P < 0.001) after the AD period (Δ(AD)). After the CD period, concentrations of iPTH (Δ(AD): 73.04 ± 216.34 pg/mL vs. Δ(CD): −106.66 ± 251.79 pg/mL, P < 0.001) and CaxP (Δ(AD): 4.32 ± 16.63 mg²/dL² vs. Δ(CD): −4.67 ± 15.27 mg²/dL², P = 0.015) decreased. While hsCRP levels decreased after the CD period (Δ(AD): 0.07 ± 4.09 mg/L vs. Δ(CD): −0.75 ± 4.56 mg/L, P = 0.705), the change was statistically insignificant. URR remained above clinical guideline of 65% after both periods (Δ(AD): 72.33 ± 6.92% vs. Δ(CD) period: 69.20 ± 4.49%, P = 0.046). CONCLUSION: Our study confirmed that the use of CD in CDS required lower heparin doses compared to the use of AD. The use of CD also provided a more stable acid-base status.

Microfiltración apical en conductos obturados con y sin pretratamiento dentinario: Estudio In vitro / Microfiltração apical em conductos selados com e sem pré-tratamento de dentina: estudo In vitro / Apical microfiltration in ducted tubes with and without dentinary pretreatment: In vitro Study

La microfiltración apical es uno de los causantes del fracaso en los tratamientos de endodoncia, misma que es debida a la adaptación deficiente de los materiales, a la solubilidad del cemento sellador, o a la contracción del relleno radicular. Ob-jetivo: Determinar la microfiltración apical en conductos obturados sin y con pretratamiento dentinario de EDTA y ácido cítrico. Materiales y métodos: 30 dientes premolares uniradiculares recientemente extraídos fueron instrumentados y divididos aleatoriamente en 3 grupos de 10 piezas cada uno, siendo: G1= dientes sin pretratamiento dentinario (grupo con-trol), G2= dientes con pretratamiento dentinario de EDTA al 17%, G3= dientes con pretratamiento de ácido cítrico al 10%. A continuación todos los grupos fueron irrigados con NaOCl al 5.25%, seguido por suero fisiológico y finalmente obtura-dos con cemento resinoso TopSeal (Dentsply De Trey, Konstanz, Germany). Previa diafanización de los dientes se realizó la observación en un estereomicroscopio óptico y se midió la microfiltración lineal con un calibrador digital. Los datos fueron procesados y analizados a través del test de ANOVA y test de Tukey con nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: Las medias fueron 1.61, 0.54, 0.12 para G1, G2 y G3 respectivamente. Existió diferencia significativa entre los grupos que recibieron pretratamiento dentinario con el grupo control (p<0.001). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos que recibieron pretratamiento dentinario (p<0.364). Conclusión: Los dos tipos de pretratamiento dentinario disminuyeron de manera eficiente la microfiltración apical sin existir diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos.

The apical microfiltration is one of the causes of the failure in the endodontic treatments, which is due to the poor adapta-tion of the materials, to the solubility of the cement sealer, or to the contraction of the root filling. Objective: To determine apical microfiltration in sealed ducts without and with EDTA and citric acid pretreatment. Materials and methods: 30 recently extracted uniradicular premolar teeth were instrumented and randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 pieces each, being: G1= teeth without dentin pretreatment (control group), G2= teeth with 17% EDTA dentin pretreatment, G3= teeth with 10% citric acid pretreatment. All the groups were then irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl, followed by physiological saline and finally sealed with TopSeal resinous cement (Dentsply De Trey, Konstanz, Germany). After diaphanization of the teeth, observation was made in an optical stereomicroscope and the linear microfiltration was measured with a digital calibrator. The data were processed and analyzed through the ANOVA test and the Tukey test with a level of significance of 5%. Results: The means were 1.61, 0.54, 0.12 for G1, G2 and G3 respectively. There was a significant difference between the groups that received pretreatment dentin with the control group (p <0.001). No significant differences were found between the groups that received dentin pretreatment (p<0.364). Conclusion: The two types of dentin pretreatment efficiently decreased apical microfiltration without a statistically significant difference between the two.

A microfiltração apical é uma das causas da falha em endodontia, mesmo é devido à má adaptação dos materiais, a solubilidade do cimento de cimentação, o encolhimento ou o enchimento da raiz. Objetivo: Determinar a microfiltração apical em ductos selados sem e com pré-tratamento de dentina de EDTA e ácido cítrico. Materiais e métodos: 30 pré-molares recentemente uniradiculares extraídos foram instrumentados e aleatoriamente divididos em três grupos de 10 unidades cada, em que: G1 = dentes dentinários sem pré-tratamento de dentina (grupo controle), G2 = dentes con pré-tratamento de dentina 17% de EDTA , G3 = dentes com pré-tratamento de dentina con 10% de ácido cítrico. Todos os grupos foram então irrigados com NaOCl a 5,25%, seguido de soro fisiológico e finalmente selados com cimento resinoso TopSeal (Dentsply De Trey, Konstanz, Alemanha). Após a diafanização dos dentes, a observação foi feita em estereomicroscópio óptico e a microfiltração linear foi medida com um calibrador digital. Os dados foram processados e analisados através do teste ANOVA e do teste de Tukey, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: As médias foram 1,61, 0,54, 0,12 para G1, G2 e G3, respectivamente. Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos que receberam pré-tratamento de dentina com o grupo controle (p <0,001). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos que receberam pré-tratamento com dentina (p <0,364). Conclusão: Os dois tipos de pré-tratamento com dentina diminuíram eficientemente a microfiltração apical, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois.

SEM Evaluation of the effect of root conditioning with citric acid: An In-Vitro study

Background Root conditioning agents reveal the orifices of dentinal tubules and the dentin collagen matrix and provide a substrate which plays a role chemotaxis migration and proliferation of cells involved in periodontal healing and formation of new connective tissue attachment. Materials and methods A total of 15 extracted teeth which were periodontally involved were utilised for the study. All the teeth received 25% citric acid application. The samples were subjected to scanning electron microscope evaluation. The photomicrographs were analysed by image software analyser to assess its surface area. Results Group II showed better results for mean surface area. Conclusion: These results show that citric acid could be a better healing biomaterial in periodontal regeneration by increasing surface area.

Non-contact profilometry of eroded and abraded enamel irradiated with an Er: YAG laser

Abstract Literature has reported positive results regarding the use of lasers in the control of erosive lesions; however, evaluating whether they are effective in the control of the progression of erosive/abrasive lesions is important. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the Er:YAG laser irradiation in controlling the progression of erosion associated with abrasive lesions in enamel. Material and methods Bovine incisors were sectioned, flattened and polished. Forty-eight enamel slabs were subjected to treatment in an intraoral phase. Twelve volunteers used an intraoral appliance containing one slab that was irradiated with an Er:YAG laser (5.2 J/cm2, 85 mJ, 2 Hz) and another non-irradiated slab on each side of the appliance, during one phase of 5 d, under a split-mouth design. Devices were subjected to erosive challenges (1% citric acid, 5 min, 3 times a day) and abrasive challenges one h after (brushing force of 1.5 N for 15 s) randomly and independently on each side of the device. Measurements of enamel loss were performed via 3D optical profilometry (μm). We analyzed data using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests and morphological characteristics via scanning electron microscopy. Results Following erosive and abrasive challenges, the group that was irradiated with the Er:YAG laser presented less loss of structure than the non-irradiated group. The group that underwent erosion and irradiation did not exhibit a significant difference from the non-irradiated group. Conclusion Irradiation with the Er:YAG laser did not control the loss of structure of enamel subjected to erosion but did control abrasion after erosion.

Chemical constituent cluster of decoction of Sanguisorbae Radix by HPLC-IT-TOF/MS / 中草药

Objective: To analyze the chemical constituent cluster of decoction of Sanguisorba Radix systemically by HPLC-IT-TOF/MS. Methods: The samples were scanned by broad spectrum of DAD detector and ionized in negative and positive environment of electron spray ionization. Results: A total of 82 chemical constituents (include isomers) were identified based on exact molecular mass, fragment, ultraviolet spectrum as well as the combination of the database. The chemical constituent cluster was composed of 69 phenolics, 8 triterpenes, 3 flavonoids, an organic acid, and a monoterpene glycoside, of which citric acid, brevifolin carboxylic acid, methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester-5-O-sulfate, isorhamnetin-sulfate, and methylellagic acid-sulfate, et al were firstly found in Sanguisorba Radix. Conclusion: The systemical analysis of the chemical constituent cluster of decoction of Sanguisorba Radix was able to supply a clear material basis for the further study of efficacy and pharmaceutical metabolism of Sanguisorba Radix.